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　　Passage 4

　　UC Berkeley professors have previously used YouTube videos as a guide for robots to learnvarious motions such as jumping or dancing, while Google has trained robots to understand depth and motion.

　　In a collaboration between Google Brain, Intel Corporation and the University of California, Berkeley, researchers applied that knowledge to their latest project, Motion2Vec, in which videos of actual surgical procedures are used for instruction. In a recently released research paper, researchers outline how they used YouTube videos to train a two-armed da Vinci robot to insert needles and perform sutures on a cloth device.

　　The medical team relied on Siamese networks, a deep-learning setup that incorporates two or more networks sharing the same data. The system is optimal for comparing and assessing relationships between datasets. Such networks have been used in the past for facial detection. Ken Goldberg, a physician who heads the UC Berkeley laboratory, explains YouTube is a rich source of instructional materials for it. "YouTube gets 500 hours of new material every minute. It's an incredible repository," he said." Any human can watch almost any one of those videos and make sense of it a robot currently just see it as a stream of pixels. So the goal of this work is to try and make sense of those pixels.

　　That is to look at the video, analyze it, and ... be able to segment the videos into meaningful sequences. "videos to train its Al engine to perform the procedure. That claim a success.

　　For the suture task, the team needed only 78 instructional medical videos to train its Al engine to perform they a success rate of 85 percent. This means that robots can eventually undertake some of the more basic, repetitive tasks in surgical procedures and allow surgeons to focus their time and energy on the more exacting steps. "We didn't consider too far," Goldberg said. "What we're moving towards is the ability for a surgeon, who would be watching the system to indicate where they want a row of sutures, convey that they want six overhand sutures," Goldberg said. "Then the robot would essentially start doing that and the surgeon would be able to little bit so that they could then be more rested and able to focus on more complex or nuanced pats of the surgery.

　　Machine learning has contributed much to biotechnology in recent years. The ability of Al to rapidly process huge volumes of data has yielded progress in detecting lung cancer and stroke risk based on CAT scans, calculating risk of heart disease and cardiac arrest based on EKG and MRI imagery, classifying skin lesions from photos and detecting signs of diabetic distress in eye images.

　　And here in the middle of a pandemic, AI is helping scientists find drugs that may curb the spread of COVID-19 and eventually find a cure and a vaccine.

　　16. How does Google train the robots?( )

　　A. Through the use of instructional videos.

　　B. By Programming code.

　　C. By Implanting chip in them.

　　D. By using a deep-learning setup.

　　【答案】A。根据题干关键词可以定位至第一段，UC Berkeley professors have previously used YouTube videos as a guide for robots ... while Google has trained robots to understand depth and motion. You Tu be 视频作为机器人学习跳跃或舞蹈等各种动作的指导，可知，谷歌主要

　　通过 you tu be 的视频来教授机器人。故本题正确答案选 A。

　　17. What does "it” refer to according to the passage?( )

　　A. The deep-learning setup

　　B. Siamese networks

　　C. Dataset

　　D. Facial detection

　　【答案】C。根据题干可定位至第三段第一句和最后一句，The system is optimal for comparing and assessing relationships between datasets. ... explains YouTube is a rich source of instructional materials for it. 结合上下文可知，it 指的是数据集，即 dataset。故本题正确答案选 C。

　　18. Which of the following is true according to the passage? ( )

　　A. Segmenting the videos into meaningful pixels is conducive to robots learning.

　　B. 78 medical videos are used to train robots to perform simple surgical procedures.

　　C. Robots ultimately play a more auxiliary role in surgery.

　　D. Robots can make sense of pixels and get instructions from them.

　　【答案】A。A项：根据关键词segment和meaningful pixel可以定位至第四段，Any human can watch almost any one of those videos and make sense of it a robot currently just see it as a stream of pixels. 可知，任何一个人都可以观看其中的任何一段视频并且理解其中的意思，而机器人目前只是将其视为一串像素。正确;B 项：根据关键词 78 定位至第五段，the team needed only 78 instructional medical videos to train its Al engine to perform they a success rate of 85 percent. the team needed only 78 instructional medical videos to train its Al engine to perform they a success rate of 85 percent.可知 B 项错误;C 项和 D 项在文中没有提及。故本题正确答案选 A。

　　19. The italic paragraph can be better used to answer which of the following questions?( )

　　A. What is the gap between robots and surgeons?

　　B. Will robots replace surgeons soon?

　　C. How can robots help doctors perform surgery?

　　D. What surgical skills do we need to further train these robots?

　　【答案】A。根据题干可定位至第六段，结合文段内容，可知文段主要说明了机器人和外科医生的不同之处，A 项正确。故本题正确答案选 A。

　　20. AI has been successfully used for the following functions except ( ).

　　A. disclosing lung cancer and stroke risk

　　B. detecting signs of diabetic distress.

　　C. finding a cure and a vaccine for a pandemic

　　D. estimating the probability of cardiac arrest

　　【答案】B。A 项：根据关键词 lung cancer and stroke risk 定位至第七段，The ability of Al to rapidly process huge volumes of data has yielded progress in detecting lung cancer and stroke risk based on CAT scan... AI 的能力迅速处理大量的数据产生了检测肺癌进展基于 CAT 扫描

　　和中风的风险;B 项：根据关键词 diabetic distress 定位至第七段，从照片和皮肤损伤分类检测糖尿病眼裂缝图像的迹象;C 项：根据关键词 vaccine 定位至最后一段，curb the spread of COVID-19 and eventually find a cure and a vaccine.在疫情大流行之际，人工智能正在帮助科学家们找到可能遏制 COVID-19 传播的药物，并最终找到治疗方法和疫苗;D 项：根据关键词可以定位至 cardiac arrest 定位至第七段，calculating risk of heart disease and cardiac arrest based on EKG and MRI imagery, ... 心脏病和心脏骤停的风险计算基于心电图和 MRI 图像。可知只有 B 项并不属于 AI 的能力。故本题正确答案选 B。

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