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　　Passage 3

　　How many children in the world have been exposed to dangerous levels of lead?

　　That's a pressing question that has had no definitive answer until now. About 1 in 3 children have been exposed to lead at levels shown to damage their health and cognitive development, according to a groundbreaking report that is the first to document the problem globally.

　　The report, produced by UNICEF in partnership with Pure Earth, a global nonprofit that tackles toxic pollution in poor communities, "is the first report of its kind and it's important," says Katarzyna Kordas, an environmental epidemiologist at the University of Buffalo who studies the effects of toxic metal exposures in children.

　　The new report finds that some 800 million children worldwide have blood lead levels at or above 5 micrograms per deciliter – a level considered cause for intervention by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among other harms, lead exposure at that level has been linked to lasting decreases in cognition, including a 3-to-5 point drop in scores on intelligence tests "We're talking about a massive problem that has ripple effects, obviously, for the kids, but for society at large," Kordas says.

　　Indeed, Kordas says one of the strengths of the new report is that it highlights not only the health consequences of lead exposure but also the economic ones. The report cites one analysis that found that over the lifetime of affected people, childhood lead exposure could result in a loss of nearly $1 trillion in earnings in lower and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, Latin

　　America and the Caribbean. That kind of economic argument may help to add a sense of urgency in countries where combating childhood lead exposure has not been prioritized. Lead exposure is particularly dangerous to children under five, whose bodies absorb lead much more efficiently than adults and are at greatest risk of suffering lifelong physical and cognitive damage, the report notes. Childhood lead exposure has also been linked to aggression, hyperactivity and other behavioral problems, notes Joseph Graziano, a professor of environmental health sciences and pharmacology at Columbia University and an expert on lead poisoning in children.

　　"This has been a decades' long silent epidemic that has really deprived generations of children of their full capabilities and their full economic potential," Graziano says. While exposure to elevated levels of lead continues to be a problem in parts of the U.S. like Flint, Mich., Graziano says "the Western world has taken it on head on." As the new report notes, blood lead levels in high-income countries have decreased dramatically since lead in gasoline and paint was phased out, but they remain "dangerously high" in lower and middle-income countries. Most of the children affected by lead exposure live in Africa and Asia, though many live in Central and South America and Eastern Europe, according to the report.

　　41. Lead exposure is especially harmful to children under the age of ( ).

　　A. 3

　　B. 2

　　C. 4

　　D. 5

　　【答案】D。根据题干关键词 Lead exposure 定位至第六段 Lead exposure is particularly dangerous to children under five, whose bodies absorb lead much more efficiently than adults and are at greatest risk of suffering lifelong physical and cognitive damage, the report notes.可知铅毒对五岁以下的孩子危害特别大，故本题正确答案选 D。

　　42. How many children in the world have been exposed to dangerous levels of lead? ( )

　　A. There is no definitive answer

　　B. About 600 million children worldwide

　　C. About 3 in 5 children worldwide

　　D. About a third of the world’s children

　　【答案】D。根据第二段 About 1 in 3 children have been exposed to lead at levels shown to damage their health and cognitive development, according to a groundbreaking report that is the first to document the problem globally.可知大约有全球三分之一的孩子接触了有毒铅。选项A：没有确切答案;选项 B：全球大约 60 亿儿童;选项 C：大约五分之三的儿童;选项 D：大约三分之一的儿童。只有 D 项表达符合文意，故本题正确答案选 D。

　　43. What does Joseph Graziano say about lead exposure? ( )

　　A. It is associated with a drop in IQ test scores

　　B. It limits children’s creative and economic potential

　　C. It is particularly serious in Africa

　　D. It has greater effect on children than on adults

　　【答案】B。根据人名定位至第六段 Childhood lead exposure has also been linked to aggression, hyperactivity and other behavioral problems, notes Joseph Graziano 以及第七段"This has been a decades' long silent epidemic that has really deprived generations of children of their full capabilities and their full economic potential," Graziano says.可推知他认为铅暴露会影响孩子的行为，剥夺孩子的能力和潜力。选项 A：导致智商测试分数下降;选项 B：限制孩子们的创造力和经济潜力;选项 C：在非洲更严重;选项 D：对孩子的影响大于对成人的影响。选项 D 属于第六段前半段可推出内容，但是这并非是 Joseph Graziano 的观点。选项 A 根据第四段可知是新报告的发现，也不是他的观点。选项 C 是最后一段的内容。故本题正确答案选 B。

　　44. Which of the following is NOT the consequence of lead exposure? ( )

　　A. Loss of smell

　　B. Hyperactivity

　　C. Decreases in cognition

　　D. Aggression

　　【答案】A。根据第六段 Childhood lead exposure has also been linked to aggression, hyperactivity and other behavioral problems 可知选项 BD 均包含其中。根据第二段 About 1 in 3 children have been exposed to lead at levels shown to damage their health and cognitive development 可知选项 C：认知能力下降，也包含其中。只有 A 项：丧失嗅觉，并未在文中特意提出。故本题正确答案选 A。

　　45. What can we learn from the passage? ( )

　　A. Lead exposure can be reduced with the help of UNICEF

　　B. Lead exposure among children has long been researched

　　C. Lead mining is the major source of exposure

　　D. Lead exposure continues to be a problem in America

　　【答案】D。根据第三段 The report, produced by UNICEF in partnership with Pure Earth, a global nonprofit that tackles toxic pollution in poor communities, "is the first report of its kind and it's important," says Katarzyna Kordas 可知联合国儿童基金会是报告的执行者之一，致力于解决贫困社区有毒污染问题，且是第一次发出这一类型的报告。选项 A：在儿童基金会的帮助下，可减少铅接触，属于无中生有;选项 B：儿童铅接触的研究由来已久，表述不符合文意根 据 blood lead levels in high-income countries have decreased dramatically since lead in gasoline and paint was phased out, but they remain "dangerously high" in lower and middle-income countries 可知发达国家铅暴露减少是因为汽油和油漆中的铅被逐步淘汰，选项 C：铅的开采是主要的接触源，文中并未提及。根据 While exposure to elevated levels of lead continues to be a problem in parts of the U.S 可知 D 项正确。故本题正确答案选 D。

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